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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00015_Field_frep55.txt
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1996-12-30
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101 lines
We do not have to shine our
light directly into the retina. It
is usually easier and more
natural to project our stimuli
onto a screen a few meters away
from the animal. The eye then
produces on the retina a well-
focused image of the screen and
the stimulus. We can now go
ahead and determine the
position, on the screen, of the
receptive field's projection. If
we wish, we can think of the
receptive field as the part of the
animal's visual world--in this
case, the screen--that is seen
by the cell we are recording
from.
We soon learn that cells can
be choosy, and usually are. It
may take some time and groping
before we succeed in finding a
stimulus that produces a really
vigorous response from the cell.
At first we may have difficulty
even finding the receptive field
on the screen, although at
early stages, such as in the
geniculate, we may locate it
easily. Cells in the geniculate
are choosy as to the size of a
spot they will respond to or as to
whether it is black on a white
background or white on black.
At higher levels in the brain,
an edge (the line produced by a
light-dark boundary) may be
required to evoke a response
from some cells, in which case
the cells are likely to be fussy
about the orientation of the
edge--whether it is vertical,
horizontal, or oblique. It may be
important whether the
stimulus is stationary or moves
across the retina (or screen), or
whether it is colored or white.
If both eyes are looking at the
screen, the exact screen
distance may be crucial.
Different cells, even within
the same structure, may differ
greatly in the stimuli to which
they respond. We learn
everything we can think to ask
about a cell, and then move the
electrode forward a fraction of a
millimeter to the next cell,
where we start testing all over
again.
From any one structure, we
typically record from hundreds
of cells, in experiments that
take hours or days. Sooner or
later we begin to form a general
idea of what the cells in that
structure have in common, and
the ways in which they differ.
Since each of these structures
has millions of cells, we can
sample only a small fraction of
the population, but luckily
there are not millions of kinds
of cells, and sooner or later we
stop finding new varieties.
When we are satisfied, we take
a deep breath and go on to the
next level--going, for example,
from the lateral geniculate body
to the striate cortex--and there
we repeat the whole procedure.
The behavior of cells at the
next stage will usually be more
complicated than the behavior
of cells at the previous level:
the difference can be slight or
it can be dramatic. By
comparing successive levels,
we begin to understand what
each level is contributing to
the analysis of our visual
world--what operation each
structure is performing on the
information it receives so that
it can extract from the
environment information that
is biologically useful to the
animal.